Finding Function: Exaptation, Maintenance, and Exemplification

Wittingslow, Ryan

doi:10.5840/techne202584212

Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology

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published on August 5, 2025

Ryan Wittingslow

https://doi.org/10.5840/techne202584212

Finding Function
Exaptation, Maintenance, and Exemplification

This paper proposes a fictionalist theory of proper function based on Nelson Goodman’s work, called ‘function exemplification theory.’ This theory has two features. First, like realist proper function theories, function exemplification theory provides normative benchmarks for evaluating artefact performance. Second, function exemplification theory accommodates how artefact functions can change incrementally over time due to exaptation and maintenance practices.

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